Ginkgo biloba Best Uses, Benefits, Dosage, Side effects & 5 Brands in Pakistan

Introduction

Ginkgo biloba is an herbal supplement traditionally used for its potential benefits in improving memory, cognitive function, and blood circulation. It is also used for conditions like dementia, eye problems, and tinnitus.

Ginkgo biloba, often referred to simply as ginkgo, is one of the oldest tree species on Earth. Known for its unique fan-shaped leaves and medicinal properties, ginkgo has been used for centuries in traditional medicine, particularly in China.

It is also known as the maidenhair tree and is an East Asian gymnosperm tree species. It is the sole surviving species in the order Ginkgoales, which first emerged over 290 million years ago. Fossils closely resembling the living species, classified under the genus Ginkgo, date back to the Middle Jurassic epoch approximately 170 million years ago. This tree has been cultivated since early human history, is commonly planted today, and is often regarded as a living fossil.

Botanical Description

Ginkgo biloba trees can grow to a height of 20–35 meters and can live for over a thousand years. They have unique, fan-shaped leaves that become bright yellow in the autumn season. The trees are dioecious, meaning that there are separate male and female plants. Male trees produce small, cone-like structures, while female trees produce seeds with a fleshy, fruit-like coating.

Ginkgo Biloba in Pakistan

In Pakistan, Ginkgo biloba is gradually gaining popularity due to its acclaimed health benefits and unique ornamental value. Although not native to the region, this resilient tree is being cultivated in various botanical gardens and urban landscapes across the country.

Its distinctive fan-shaped leaves and vibrant yellow autumn foliage make it an attractive addition to parks and gardens. The growing awareness of herbal medicine has led to an increased interest in ginkgo supplements, which are now available in health stores and pharmacies.

Researchers in Pakistan are also exploring the potential of Ginkgo biloba for improving cognitive function and circulatory health, contributing to the global body of knowledge on this ancient medicinal plant.

Traditional Uses of Ginkgo Biloba

Ginkgo seeds and leaves have been utilized in traditional Chinese medicine for many thousands of years. The seeds were often used to treat respiratory issues, while the leaves were brewed into teas to improve cognitive function and circulation. Ancient texts reference ginkgo’s ability to enhance memory and alleviate asthma symptoms.

Modern Uses and Benefits of Ginkgo Biloba

Today, Ginkgo biloba is widely studied and utilized for its potential health benefits. Below are some of the key areas where ginkgo has shown promise.

Cognitive Health

Ginkgo biloba is perhaps best known for its potential to improve cognitive function and memory. Research suggests that ginkgo enhances blood flow to the brain, supporting cognitive health and potentially aiding in the treatment of conditions like Alzheimer’s disease and dementia.

Antioxidant Properties

Ginkgo leaves are high in antioxidants, particularly flavonoids and terpenoids. These compounds help neutralize free radicals, which damage cells and contribute to ageing and diseases such as cancer.

Circulatory Health

Ginkgo biloba is believed to improve circulation by dilating blood vessels and reducing the stickiness of platelets. This helps reduce the risk of blood clots and improve conditions related to poor circulation, such as varicose veins and peripheral artery disease.

Mental Health

Some studies suggest that ginkgo biloba has positive effects on mental health conditions, including anxiety and depression. The herb is thought to regulate neurotransmitter function and reduce inflammation, which contributes to mood disorders.

Vision and Eye Health

There is evidence that ginkgo biloba benefits eye health, particularly in conditions like glaucoma and macular degeneration. Its ability to improve blood flow and reduce oxidative stress is thought to protect against vision loss.

Scientific Research on Ginkgo Biloba

Numerous studies have investigated the health benefits of ginkgo biloba. While results are mixed, many studies support its use for various conditions.

Cognitive Function

A meta-analysis of clinical trials concluded that ginkgo biloba extract has a positive effect on cognitive function in individuals with dementia. Other studies have found that ginkgo may improve attention and memory in healthy individuals.

Cardiovascular Health

Research indicates that ginkgo biloba may help improve symptoms of peripheral artery disease by enhancing blood flow. A study published in the “Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology” found that ginkgo improved walking distance in people with this condition.

Mental Health

A study in the “Journal of Psychiatric Research” found that ginkgo biloba extract reduced symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. Other research suggests that it may enhance the effectiveness of antidepressants in individuals with treatment-resistant depression.

Dosage and Forms of Ginkgo Biloba

Ginkgo biloba is available in various forms, including capsules, tablets, liquid extracts, and tea. The recommended dosage for cognitive enhancement is 120-240 mg per day, divided into two or three doses. However, following the dosage instructions on the product label or consulting with a healthcare provider is essential.

Side Effects

Serious Side Effects (Report to your healthcare provider immediately):

• Allergic reactions:  Allergic symptoms include skin rash, itching, hives, swelling of the face, lips, tongue, or throat.
• Heart palpitations: Rapid, pounding, or irregular heartbeat

Common Side Effects (Typically do not require medical attention, but inform your healthcare provider if persistent or bothersome):

• Constipation
• Dizziness
• Headache
• Nausea
• Upset stomach

Drug Interactions

Check with your healthcare provider if you are taking any of the following medications:

• Aspirin and aspirin-like medications
• Medications for high blood pressure or heart problems: Diltiazem, nifedipine, verapamil
• Medications that treat or prevent blood clots: Enoxaparin, heparin, warfarin
• NSAIDs: Pain and inflammation medications like ibuprofen or naproxen
• Trazodone

This list may only cover some possible interactions. Give your healthcare provider a full list of all the medications, herbs, non-prescription pharmaceuticals, and nutritional supplements you take. Also, inform them if you smoke, drink alcohol, or use illegal drugs, as these can interact with your medication.

Risks and warnings

Before using this drug, you should be informed of the following warnings:

• Bleeding Disorders and Surgery: If you have a bleeding disorder or are planning surgery, consult your doctor before using ginkgo.
• Medical Conditions: Do not take ginkgo if you have any medical conditions, especially diabetes, epilepsy, or fertility problems, unless recommended by your doctor.
• Untreated Plant components: Avoid consuming untreated ginkgo plant components. Uncooked ginkgo seeds can result in convulsions and death.

Ginkgo Biloba During Pregnancy and Lactation

Herbal medicines, including Ginkgo biloba, are increasingly utilized despite limited knowledge of their safety and efficacy during pregnancy and lactation:

Pharmacological Insights

Research suggests that ginkgo leaf extract may possess antiplatelet properties, potentially impacting bleeding time. While evidence primarily stems from animal and in vitro studies, caution is warranted during labour, as prolonged bleeding time could pose risks.

Effects During Pregnancy

Ginkgo biloba is noted for its emmenagogue properties, which could affect hormonal balance. However, the evidence supporting this is based on low-level expert opinions rather than robust clinical trials. Consequently, the use of ginkgo during pregnancy should be approached cautiously, particularly in the later stages to avoid potential complications during labour.

Safety During Lactation

The safety of ginkgo leaf extract during lactation remains largely unknown due to insufficient high-quality human studies. Therefore, healthcare providers advise against its use until more definitive evidence is available to establish its safety profile for nursing mothers and infants.

Adulteration Concerns

There have been historical reports of ginkgo products being adulterated with substances like colchicine. Such contamination underscores the importance of sourcing herbal supplements from reputable manufacturers to mitigate risks to maternal and fetal health.

Ginkgo Biloba in Modern Medicine

In modern medicine, ginkgo biloba extracts are standardized to contain specific amounts of active compounds. These extracts are used in various supplements and herbal remedies.

Pharmaceutical Uses

Standardized ginkgo biloba extracts are used in the treatment of cognitive disorders, circulatory problems, and other health conditions. These extracts are often formulated into capsules or tablets for easy consumption.

Ongoing Research

Ongoing research continues to explore the potential benefits of ginkgo biloba. Studies are investigating its effects on various conditions, including ADHD, tinnitus, and multiple sclerosis. The results of these studies may further expand the therapeutic applications of ginkgo.

Evolution

Ginkgo biloba is a living fossil, with fossils related to modern ginkgo dating back to the early Permian (Cisuralian). The oldest likely record is that of Trichopitys from the early Permian (Asselian) of France, over 290 million years ago. A digital recreation of Baiera made from various images of fossils and academic descriptions. The closest living relatives of ginkgo are the cycads, which share the characteristic of motile sperm with Ginkgo biloba.

Plants with leaves with more than four veins per segment are typically classed as Ginkgo, whereas those with fewer than four veins per segment are labelled as Baiera. Sphenobaiera refers to plants having broad wedge-shaped leaves that lack a recognizable leaf stem.

Rise and Decline

The fossils of the genus Ginkgo first appeared in the Middle Jurassic. During the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous periods, the genus expanded across Laurasia. However, the Ginkgophyta’s diversity declined during the Cretaceous, and by the Paleocene, Ginkgo adiantoides was the only remaining species in the Northern Hemisphere, while a different, poorly documented form persisted in the Southern Hemisphere.

This decline in diversity coincided with the rise of flowering plants, which likely outcompeted Ginkgo and its associates due to better adaptations to environmental disturbances.

By the end of the Pliocene, Ginkgo fossils had vanished from the fossil record everywhere except for a small area in central China, where the modern species had survived.

Brands in Pakistan:

Ginkgo biloba is sold under various brand names in Pakistan some popular brands include:

• Ginbex is manufactured by Ipram Pharma.
• Nutrifactor Pharmaceuticals manufactures Ginkgo Focus.
• FORCER by Pulse Pharmaceuticals
• GILOGIN by Amarant Pharmaceuticals (Pvt) Ltd.
• GINKOSEN by Medisure Laboratories Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd.
• TANAKAN by ATCO Laboratories Limited.

Conclusion

Ginkgo biloba is a remarkable tree with a rich history and a wide range of potential health benefits. From its traditional uses in Chinese medicine to its modern applications in supplements and pharmaceuticals, ginkgo continues to be a subject of interest for researchers and health enthusiasts alike. Whether you are looking to enhance cognitive function, improve circulation, or simply enjoy its unique beauty, ginkgo biloba is a valuable addition to both gardens and wellness routines.